Lingue slave a confronto. Ediz. multilingue

LUCYNA GEBERT (Università di Roma “La Sapienza”) Verbi ibridi nelle lingue slave e romanze Hybrid verbs are a subclass of accomplishment telic verbs which in some circumstances allow for the contextual obliteration of their telicity, behaving as atelic verbs. The paper discusses parallel features in the syntactic behaviour of hybrid verbs in Slavic and Romance languages, such as: 1. Telic/atelic double nature of these verbs due to their incremental character and their compatibility with temporal adverbs such as ‘for x time’/’in x time’; 2. Correlation between the nature of the incremental argument and telicty/atelicity of the predicate. 3. Derivation of delimitative perfectives by Slavic hybrid atelic verbs and compatibility of Romance perfectives of hybrid verbs with delimitative temporal adverbs; In spite of deep differences in the realization of verbal aspect by the two groups of languages, the convergent features of Slavic and Romance hybrid verbs shed some light upon the aspectual variation on a general level. АННА ЛЕНТОВСКАЯ (Пизанский университет) Характеризованные способы глагольного действия в русском языке и их итальянские соответствия The article deals with the contrastive analysis of morphologically characterized Aktionsarten in Russian and in Italian. Data collected from literature translated from Russian (L1) into Italian (L2) showed that light verb constructions in L2 were often preferred as equivalents of such Aktionsarten in L1. The research addresses eventual correlations between light verb constructions in Italian and similar constructions / simplex verbs in Russian. DENIS APOTHÉLOZ / MAŁGORZATA NOWAKOWSKA (Université de Loarraine, ATILF / Université pédagogique de Cracovie) Comment traduire le futur périphrastique français en polonais ? This article deals with the question of the translation of the French futur périphrastique (‘aller [present tense] + INFINITIVE’) into Polish. The authors distinguish between several uses of this forward-looking, or “prospective” tense in French, which are based on two main readings that can be described respectively as reference to the preparatory phase and reference to the process phase. Polish does not have any tense to convey the category of prospectivity. But in this language, reference to the preparatory phase can nevertheless be expressed. The verb mieć (‘to have’) and its reflexive form mieć się are used in some constructions which, under particular contextual restrictions, can express the reference to the preparatory phase. Translations of other uses of the futur périphrastique are also examined here. RUSKA IVANOVSKA NASKOVA / MILA SAMARDŽIĆ, (Università “Ss. Cirillo e Metodio” di Skopje / Università di Belgrado) La codificazione della controfattualità nell’italiano, nel macedone e nel serbo The term “counterfactuality” is related to constructions that refer to situations contrary to the facts (Iatridou 2000). The paper examines the grammatical structure of the most prominent constructions of this kind, the counterfactual conditionals, in three languages: Italian, Macedonian and Serbian. Previous studies suggest that, although these languages fundamentally use the same markers (conjunctions and verbal system), there are certain differences when it comes to the way in which they use them: Italian relies on the verbal system, while Serbian, and to a lesser degree Macedonian, also use conjunctions (Mazzoleni 1991, 1992; Minova Gjurkova 1994, 1997; Gajdova 2015; Ivanovska Naskova 2014; Klajn 2006; Piper / Klajn 2014). The aim of the paper is to test this hypothesis through analysis of examples of counterfactual conditionals in the three languages. From methodological point of view, it is a corpus-based study (Tognini Bonelli 2001) conducted through the use of a half-a-million parallel corpus of Italian literary texts and their Macedonian and Serbian translations. The results of the analysis show that, while for Italian the main marker of counterfactuality in conditionals is, in fact, the verbal morphology, in the other two languages, Serbian and Macedonian, there are also particular conjunctions that are used in this context. ANDREA TROVESI (Universita di Roma “La Sapienza / Università di Bergamo) Valore modale ‘epistemico-doxastico’ dell’imperfetto in italiano e nelle lingue slave The imperfetto epistemico-doxastico in Italian and the имперфект на досещане in Bulgarian refer to the modal usage of the imperfect tense in interrogative sentences when asking for a reminder about information previously known, but forgotten at present. This article has two aims. Firstly, it is illustrated how such modal meaning is displayed in Bulgarian and Italian, two languages where the imperfect tense is fully functioning. Due to the existence of the future past and dedicated narrative verbal forms, in Bulgarian this modal usage of the imperfect shows bigger constraints. Secondly, a comparison with other Slavic languages is made. Whereas in Slavic languages lacking the imperfect tense this meaning cannot be usually conveyed, in Serbian and Croatian some exceptions are observed (the imperfect relic forms beše ‘he/she/it was’ and zvaše ‘he/she/it was called’; the development of a fixed imperfect marker beše, which is added to verbal forms in the present tense). FRANÇOIS ESVAN (Université de Naples “L’Orientale”) Les structures aspecto-temporelles des scénarios de film en français / italien et en tchèque The purpose of this article is to analyze the functioning of the Czech aspectual opposition confronting the French and Italian versions of four film scripts by Michelangelo Antonioni and Ingmar Bergman with their Czech version. The interest of these texts is that film scripts are conventionally written in the present tense, which is aspectually unmarked in French and Italian, while in Czech arises the problem of choosing between perfective and imperfective forms. We can see that in most cases the standard narration mode is respected. This mode, called “narration present”, allows aspectual opposition with the same principles that can be observed in past tense narration. However, here are also instances of the “tabular present”, characterized by a neutralization of the aspectual opposition in favor of the imperfective. The presence of such forms is due to the special nature of narration in film scripts, often reduced to a mere enumeration of events, as in registers, diaries or blogs. Unlike literary narrative (novels, short stories), where tabular present is generally used with a strong expressive value (focalization, altered perception of events), narration and tabular present forms seem here to freely alternate without it being possible to identify punctual motivations. YORDANKA LEVIE (Académie de Montpellier, Lycée international Jules Guesde) ‘Idi če razberi sveta!’ L'expression de l’allure extraordinaire en bulgare. Confrontation avec le français et l'italien Several studies have already been devoted to the extraordinary use of ‘aller + infinitive’ and ‘venir + infinitive’ in French, which convey a meaning of “crossing of limit”. In the Italian area, this use has not been studied as largely as in French, while the periphrasis obtained with andare and venire, which produce, by grammaticalization, a modal value, have been developped as well. This paper aims also at describing this value in the Slavic area, especially in Bulgarian, while still taking our reference in French. We verify the possibility of expressing the extraordinary meaning with movement verbs, future forms or the da-constructions. ALINA KREISBERG (Università di Varsavia) Un nuovo articoloide polacco? It is well known that the Polish language did not develop the grammatical category of the article. However this does not change the fact that in certain contexts the use of demonstrative or indefinite pronouns is obligatory. The primary aim of this article is to analyze these contexts. This development, which Polish has in common with other Slavic languages, has been accompanied by another recent trend: the use of the pronoun taki (‘such’) in certain contexts to attenuate the force of statement. PETRA MACUROVÁ (Università di Napoli “L’Orientale”) L’aggettivo dimostrativo in ceco e in italiano This paper concentrates on anaforic use of demonstrative adjectives in Czech and Italian with focus on the research for possible analogy between these two languages. While use of demonstratives and articles is quite well established in Italian, the absence of articles in Czech can cause an excessive use of demonstratives, which is often perceived as exaggerated by Czech native speakers. The aim of this article is to characterise reasons for obligatory use of demonstratives in Czech using the Czech National Corpus data and to compare their use in Italian. In addition to searching for semantic and syntactic motives for the necessity of use of demonstratives in Czech and analyzing the analogy and the differences between Czech and Italian, the so-called excessive use of demonstratives in Czech spoken language will be pointed out. ИРИНА КОБОЗЕВА / ДАРЬЯ СКОРОБОГАТОВА (МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова) Стратегии повторной именной референции в русском и французском языках This study aims to analyze the tendencies of Russian and French in the use of anaphoric devices. On the basis of quantitative Multifactorial model proposed by A.A. Kibrik (1996, 1999, 2000), which allows for a calculation of the activation scores of referents in discourse, two corpora were analysed (a collection of news texts and a parallel corpus consisting of a Russian text and its six French translations) and thresholds of activation guiding the referential choice were established for French. They were subsequently compared to those of Russian, the conclusion being that the mechanism of referential choice is not identical in the two languages, which can be seen when comparing translations to the original. Thus, we were in a position to test both the universality of the Multifactorial model and the correctness of the observations made in contrastive linguistics about the difference in the attitude of Russian and French speakers towards repetition of the same description for a given referent and towards the extensive use of pronouns. ELŻBIETA JAMROZIK (Università di di Varsavia) La resa dei collegamenti coordinativi in italiano e in polacco The paper aims to give a contrastive description of Italian and Polish coordination connectives. As compared to subordinate constructions, coordination is generally less considered by linguists and takes less space in grammars and manuals. We try to prove that this type of phrase connection is more complex than generally considered and that every language has for that purpose connectives that are not traditionally included in the coordinating conjunctions listed by the grammars. Moreover, some of these words, for their hybrid nature, create typological problems, especially in lexicography. Our considerations are illustrated by examples from Italian and Polish texts with their respective translations, as to verify the means of relating phrases on textual level. FRANCESCA BIAGINI Università di Bologna, Forlì) L’espressione della relazione consecutiva in un corpus italiano-russo di testi per l’infanzia The aim of this paper is to analyse the means of expression of result relation in Italian and Russian based on a small parallel corpus of children’s literature. Firstly, result relation is described in order to find its forms of expression in the two languages. This particular kind of causal relation includes the idea that the effect necessarily takes place when the cause reaches a critical degree. These components cannot be inferred, only activated as conventional implicatures of a grading intensifier like talmente (‘so’). This is why result relation is described as a case of overcoding (see Prandi 2004: 298-299). The study of the expression of purposive interclausal relation revealed that loose coordination prevails in Russian, whilst tighter subordination dominates in Italian (see Biagini 2012a). For this reason, the hypothesis of this paper was that result constructions should be more frequent in Italian, while in Russian cases of juxtaposition or coordination in which a causal relation could be inferred were expected. In the aforementioned case, the results do not confirm the hypothesis as the data show a predominance of result constructions in Russian texts. However, the comparative study enabled us to highlight how result constructions can be rendered in translation in some cases by relative clauses, too...to clauses, or modal expressions. Moreover, less studied means were singled out which can totally or partially express the idea of intensification up to a critical degree and inevitable effect in both languages. For example, in Italian they range from adjectives and augmentative suffixes, to verb reduplication or triplication, such as risero, risero, risero (‘they laughed and laughed and laughed’) and phrasal prepositions , such as a furia di (‘by persisting in’). АРТЮШКИНА ОЛЬГА (Университет Аих-Марсеиле / CELISO, Париж) Роль полифонических коннекторов причины в когезии текста во французском и русском языках The article deals with the problem of function of causal connectors in the coherence of the text. In the first part, we show that some connectors such as puisque, car in French and ved’, raz in Russian, are the linguistic markers of the enunciation because they actualize the introduced utterance and show the specific stance of the enunciator towards the causal relation. Using the concept of Temporal Referential (“Référentiel temporel”) based on the Theory of enunciation, we will show that utterances with polyphonic markers of cause refer to the enunciator and his spatial-temporal coordinates which are different from the coordinates of non-actualized narration. In the second part, we will definite the specificities of the semantic structure of polyphonic connectors and in the third part we will analyze their role as a marker of different narrative forms in comparison with monophonic connectors parce que and potomu chto. MARINA DI FILIPPO (Università degli studi di Napoli "L'Orientale") La gradazione e la semantica dei predicati modificati The article presents a study of the syntactic and semantic compatibility of the approximative adverbs quasi / почти with verbal predicates in the Italian and Russian languages. We propose actional parameters offered by Vendler (1967), Bertinetto (1992) and Maslov (1948) as a methodological support of the research. We have analyzed the interaction of various actional types (states, achievements, accomplishments and processes) with scalar adverbs, trying to show how these adverbs modify a semantic expression associated with the internal structure of the verb. The meaning of approximative adverbs correlates closely with aspectual coordinates such as duration, telicity, and dynamicity, depending also on whether the form of the verb is positive or negative. Our analysis has revealed a variety of possible combinations and interesting phenomena of semantic idiosyncrasy. . ANNA-MARIA PERISSUTTI (Università di Udine) Progressioni tematiche nell’interlingua: studio longitudinale sull’acquisizione della abilità di scrittura in ceco L2 The research presented in this paper has been realized in the framework of Wrilab2, (www.wrilab2.eu), an European LLP project co-financed by the European Commission for the period 2014-2016 and aimed at creating an on-line reading and writing laboratory for Czech, German, Italian and Slovenian as L2. The present study is realized in the framework of the Angela Ferarri’s textual theory (2004, 2005, 2008, 2009) and it aims at analyzing the linguistic means that realize the Frame of the utterance in 20 argumentative compositions written in Czech L2 (level B1 and B2), taken from the website www.merlin.eu. The results of the analysis show that while in B1 compositions the Frame fulfills mostly a denotative function, being expressed by spatial and temporal specifications, in B2 compositions it is expressed by a richer variety of linguistic means and fulfills more textual functions (structuration, connection, hierarchization). The only function that lacks in B2 compositions in contrast to the compositions written by mother tongues, is the Topic isolation realized by expressions such as ohledně ‘concerning’. As far as the use of hypotaxis is concerned, B1 writers use less hypotaxtic structures then B2 writers and lack deranked forms, such as nominalizations and participles. ОЛЬГА ИНЬКОВА / МИХАИЛ КРУЖКОВ (Женевский университет, ФИЦ ИУ РАН / ФИЦ ИУ РАН) Надкорпусные русско-французские базы данных глагольных форм и коннекторов This paper presents two novel information resources: supracorpora databases (SCDB) of Russian and French verbal forms and connectors. SCDBs enhance functionality of modern linguistic corpora, parallel corpora in particular, by allowing users to create detailed descriptions of linguistic items, including multipart ones, based on features introduced by the investigators themselves, and to capture various translation variants for these items. In the process of developing these resources, researchers are prompted to resolve theoretical issues related to choice of linguistic description criteria and principles of representing investigated items in the SCDB.